Clinical trials are a crucial step in the development of new drugs and treatment methods, ensuring their safety and effectiveness before they are widely used. However, the development of technology and the need to improve processes have led to the emergence of decentralized clinical trials (DCTs). From the perspective of the Academy of Medical Sciences, this article will analyze the differences between traditional and decentralized models, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each approach in the modern context.

Traditional Clinical Trials: A Familiar Perspective

Traditional clinical trials have existed for decades and remain the foundation of much medical research today. This model typically involves trials taking place at one or several large research centers. Participants must visit medical facilities for tests, sample collection, and treatment administration.

Key Characteristics of Traditional Clinical Trials

1. Centralized at fixed locations:
2. Direct management and supervision:
3. Use of traditional methods:

Advantages

• Tight control: Direct management helps reduce the risk of data discrepancies or process errors.
• Face-to-face interaction: The presence of researchers builds trust with participants and allows for immediate resolution of arising issues.
• Robust data sets: Due to the centralized location, data gathered is usually comprehensive and consistent.

Disadvantages

• High cost: Building infrastructure, managing trials, and covering participant travel expenses increase overall costs.
• Difficult recruitment: People living far from research centers or with physical limitations may not be able to participate.
• Time-consuming: Data processing, monitoring, and reporting typically take a long time.

Decentralized Clinical Trials: A Trend for the Future

In recent years, decentralized clinical trials (DCTs) have emerged as an improved solution, leveraging technology to address the limitations of traditional models. DCTs use digital tools, such as mobile apps, smart medical devices, and online platforms, to bring the trial process closer to participants.

Key Characteristics of Decentralized Clinical Trials

1. High flexibility:
2. Use of advanced technology:
3. Wide distribution:

Advantages

• Cost-effective: Reduces operational costs and infrastructure investment.
• Broader participant access: People from remote areas or those with physical limitations can participate.
• Increased convenience: Participants do not need to travel as much, reducing time and financial burden.
• Real-time data: Smart devices provide continuous data, improving accuracy and analysis potential.

Disadvantages

• Reliance on technology: Technical issues, internet connectivity problems, or lack of device knowledge can disrupt the process.
• Data security: Storing and transmitting data via digital platforms raises concerns about cybersecurity.
• Lack of face-to-face interaction: The absence of researchers in person may reduce trust or overlook unclear symptoms.

Comparison: Traditional Clinical Trials vs. Decentralized Clinical Trials

Criterion	Traditional Trials	Decentralized Trials
Location	Fixed central locations	Flexible, at home or remotely
Management	Direct interaction	Managed via technology and remotely
Participant pool	Limited by location	Global access, no geographic limits
Technology	Traditional, minimal digital use	Based on digital platforms
Cost	High	More cost-effective
Data	Centralized, consistent	Continuous, real-time
Time to complete	Longer	Faster

Real-World Applications and the Future of Decentralized Clinical Trials

Decentralized clinical trials have proven their potential in research related to diseases such as COVID-19, where social distancing disrupted traditional models. DCTs are also becoming the preferred option for chronic disease trials or personalized treatments, thanks to their ability to gather long-term data.

Looking ahead, with the support of artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT), DCTs promise even more efficient solutions, particularly in fields such as:

• Oncology: Collecting remote data on patient responses to treatment.
• Mental health: Using apps to monitor mood and behavior changes in patients.
• Genomic studies: Analyzing DNA samples sent through the mail.

Conclusion

The Academy of Medical Sciences recognizes that while traditional clinical trials remain essential, the rise of technology is shaping a new trend with decentralized clinical trials. These two models do not exclude one another but can complement each other to create more comprehensive and effective studies.

In the modern medical landscape, the choice of model depends on the type of study, the participant population, and available resources. Ultimately, the goal remains the same: to improve treatment quality and maximize benefits for patients—a mission that continues to drive the work of the Academy of Medical Sciences.